Contents
I.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................. 1
II. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 6
III. EFFECT OF FRICTION ON FUEL EFFICIENCY...................................................................................... 11
IV. IMPORTANCE OF REDUCING FRICTION AND WEAR......................................................................... 14
A. G
ENERAL
P
UBLIC
........................................................................................................................................... 15
B. F
LEET
O
PERATORS
........................................................................................................................................ 15
C. T
RUCK
M
ANUFACTURERS
.............................................................................................................................. 15
D. O
FF
-R
OAD
V
EHICLES
.................................................................................................................................... 16
E. D
IESEL
E
NGINE
M
ANUFACTURERS
................................................................................................................ 18
F.
A
UTOMOBILE
M
ANUFACTURERS
................................................................................................................... 20
G. C
OMPONENT
M
ANUFACTURERS
.................................................................................................................... 21
Pistons, Rings, Connecting Rods, and Crankshafts.......................................................................................... 21
Fuel Injectors ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
Bearings.............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Seals.................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Manual Transmissions....................................................................................................................................... 24
Automatic Transmissions................................................................................................................................... 24
Fuel Injectors ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
Bearings.............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Seals.................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Manual Transmissions....................................................................................................................................... 24
Automatic Transmissions................................................................................................................................... 24
H. L
UBRICANT
S
UPPLIERS
.................................................................................................................................. 25
I.
R
AILROAD
O
PERATORS
................................................................................................................................. 27
J.
L
OCOMOTIVE
M
ANUFACTURERS
.................................................................................................................. 28
V. EFFECTS OF EMISSION-REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ON FRICTION AND WEAR.................. 29
VI. BENEFITS OF REDUCING FRICTION AND WEAR................................................................................. 31
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE R&D ............................................................................................. 33
A. M
ATERIALS
...................................................................................................................................................... 33
B. C
OATINGS
........................................................................................................................................................ 36
C. L
UBRICANTS
.................................................................................................................................................... 37
D. D
ESIGN
M
ETHODS
........................................................................................................................................... 37
VIII. PRIORITIES, GOALS, AND BARRIERS.................................................................................................... 40
IX. REQUIRED FUNDING RESOURCES.......................................................................................................... 49
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................... 50
APPENDIX A: LIST OF ACRONYMS................................................................................................................. 51
APPENDIX B: RESEARCH NEEDS FOR REDUCING FRICTION AND WEAR
IN TRANSPORTATION- AGENDA ...................................................................................................................... 52
IN TRANSPORTATION- AGENDA ...................................................................................................................... 52